Systematic Investigation

Systematic Investigation Systematic Investigation Home›Research Posts›Systematic Investigation Research PostsIntroduction to the studyThe authors of this study assert that mentally challenged humans have had preference assessment tests used on them, in conjunction with behavioral modification sessions, at a regular basis. Preference assessment-tests are therefore a regular component of all operant conditioning programs that have been applied to these mentally challenged people. It’s effectiveness in the improvement of the efficiency of behavioral training in such settings is exemplary, and the authors suggest it could be similarly effective in zoology and environmental research.The study conducted was of the preferences of nine captive orangutans, and were investigated for different food items. The researchers used a pair wise presentation onto, in the recording of nonhuman, animal preferences as concerned five different foods. Over the course of six months, this was on six different occasions.  The orangutans, according to the Results of a Friedman’s 2-way, were found to show a clear overall preference for simple apple. For the five foods, though, there was a significant variability among different orangutans in the preference rankings. This assumption was derived by the readings shown by a Kendall’s tau. Additionally, there was a variability preference in the rankings observed across time for every orangutan. Basically, the preferences of the Orangutan’s change over time. The variations also occur according to individual and regular assessments that should identify items that were used as rewards in behavioral husbandry training. It could be used as a part of feeding enrichment strategies.The researchers are inspired and motivated by the fact that over the past 15 years, very positive reinforcement in training has become popular in aspects of zoological institution and in non-human animal laboratory facilities. A difference exists on how individual animals respond to tr ainings and the speed of their progress. The researchers observe that a first reason for this variation is how positive reinforcement creates a difference in the response of individuals. It’s typical how preferences of individual primates for particular food rewards are assessed by means of no empirical uses by people who conduct training. However there are obvious imperfections to the assessment. An empirical means may be helpful to determine individual preferences.  The researchers acknowledge the extensiveness of the research done with human subjects.A look at the human research as a model when initiating preference research studies on nonhuman primates is therefore necessary.A description of the methodsThe subjectsTo obtain quality results for their study, the researchers had to choose the subjects and analyze their procedures carefully.They chose nine Orangutans that were housed at Zoo Atlanta and these included 4 adult males 1 juvenile, as well as 4 adult female Orangutans. Among them were seven Sumatran Orangutans and 1 adult male Bornean Orangutan as well as an adult male hybrid.In an indoor/outdoor holding area, they were safely housed. It was during the mornings that all test sessions were conducted, and this had to be before the animals were fed. It was done in the indoor holding area as well.While Andrea W. Clay conducted the testing on 6 different occasions from September to December 2006, all the testing was complied with protocols that received approval by the Zoo Atlanta as well as by Georgia Institute of Technology. This is the institute of Animal Care and Use Committee.ProceduresGrapefruit, orange, apple, sweet potato, and carrot were the 5 items of fresh produce tested and each of the subjects were familiar with each of these foods. A standard PC method was used when presenting the items and it ensured a balance for left and right location and the randomization of the pairs presented during each session. The arrangement made on each possi ble pairing had item (a) on the left while (b) was maintained on right, then (b) on left and (a) on the right and was presented once per session in that it resulted to 20 pairings per session. 1 inch is the rough estimate for the food piece cuttings. A lexan tray was used to present the food pieces, and it had two equally sized recessed dishes at one end.  The animals selected one of the two items by pointing when this end of the tray was help up to the mesh of the Orangutans enclosure. Each of the animals easily pointed to one of the two items. But there were occasions where they pointed at once, to each of the two items. As indicated, 6 sessions for each of the animals were conducted for each animal over the period of the six months. To determine if there were individual biases, a Chi-square test was used and the total left versus total right selections for each animal throughout all six sessions.If the animal’s selections were being determined by food preference, rather than s ide bias, then an approximate of 50% left and 50% right should have been the score. The preference of the group of subjects was analyzed using a Friedman’s two-way ANOVA and Kendall’s tau tests were used to analyze the preferences of the group of subjects. Therefore, Kendals tau tests were used to analyze the different orangutans and specifically for individual orangutans across test sessions.  A summary of the resultsOf the female orangutans, one actually showed a significant side bias in her responding as it indicated a significant Chi-square value; hence the researchers dropped her from the analysis.A score was obtained for each of the five food items, and each of the test session by using this formula; number of times selected/ number of times the item was presented. The 100D% score was for each of the particular items. The calculation was done for each of the individual, and hence there was a score for each food item as obtained in each test session for every individual ani mal.The computation of a mean score was done for each item and the rating across all six sessions for all the orangutans. An indication by A Friendman’s two-way test was that the Orangutans, in all, had a preference for some of the food items over others. Apple was the highest in the overall score, and what followed were the orange, sweet potato, grape fruit, and finally the carrot. The tabulation was tabled.Individual preferences were compared, and mean percentage score were obtained for each food item throughout all six sessions for each individual animal. A comparison of the scores was done too.Individual rating scores were graphed for the foods across six sessions and this was necessary to access the stability of each individual orangutan.  Some animals, though, had relatively stable score while others did not.ConclusionThe importance of these applications could not be emphasized more, according to the researchers. And when the goal of the entire study is to use items from th e animal’s daily diet for training and enrichment purposes, it is even more beneficial. The use of preference-assessment tests in conjunction with enrichment or training procedures to determine effects of using preferred items could provide a logical progression from the findings of the study and can use preferred items as rewards. This is opposed to the use of randomly selected items. It has shown that there is an increased efficiency in training behaviors in humans when this is used and should therefore be considered assessing as a method for increasing efficiency of training behaviors in non-human primates as well.

The Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano And Gustavus Vassa, The...

The Interesting Narrative of The Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself told the story of a man’s personal experience of being kidnapped from his home in present day Nigeria, being forced into slavery, and then eventually buying his own freedom all while discovering his true self along the way. Despite the story giving many people around the world an inside look at how brutal the slave trade really was, it caused great controversy. Vincent Carretta questioned the authenticity of Equiano’s identity as an African in his early life. The Narrative was framed to truly influence readers opinions, rather than just educate. Equiano used the identity he created for himself as a way to help readers relate. The controversy surrounding it does have an effect on the narrative as a historical document but not on the true purpose of the story behind it. In the beginning of the narrative, Equiano informs the reader about how early life in Africa, before being kidnapped at the age of twelve along with his sister, was. He discusses his native country’s manners and customs in a way very dear to him (Chapter 1). After being kidnapped and encountering the European man, he continued to question their culture and manners compared to his own. But as he became assimilated more, he becomes blinded by the desire to want to become more like the European man, while forgetting about this African culture. In chapter four of his narrative, he even admits that heShow MoreRelatedOlaudah Equianos the Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself1119 Words   |  5 PagesOlaudah Equiano s The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself, is the story of the eponymous real-life character, Olaudah Equiano, his life, trials, tribul ations and journey from slavery at an early age to freedom. For Equiano, it seems that slavery is almost a metaphysical phenomenon. His entire life is essentially characterized by the different experiences relating slavery, from Africa to the Middle Passage to plantation life inRead MoreThe Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African938 Words   |  4 PagesBorn in 1745, Equiano was born a member of the Igbo tribe in a village called Essaka in the kingdom of Benin. He describes Essaka as a remote and fertile village where slavery is a part of life. Born into a family of seven, Equiano is the youngest of six sons and the greatest favourite of his mother. One day, when he and his sister were left to mind their house while their people were gone to their work, they were both kidnapped and enslaved, violating the unwritten rules that slaves should onlyRead MoreSummary : Free Slave Voice 1397 Words   |  6 Pagesfor we are many and evil is few. (OE) after reading the excerpt of â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African,† it was then necessary to read the complete text. Upon completion of the reading, I found that it was somewhat troublesome because there is not a sense of urgency in the tone of his writing to help his fellow Negros out of their enslavement. 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His account of being introduced to the Europeans which forced him into slavery is especially powerful, for Equiano had never laid sight on a white man before. ...I was carried on board. I was immediately handled and tossed upRead More Olaudah Equiano Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pagesamateur scientist, and even a hairdresser. These are all jobs that Olaudah Equiano held during his lifetime. He has been called the quot;most influential African writer in both Africa, America and Britain before the Civil Warquot;, and was born in Essaka, Nigeria sometime during 1745 (ONeale, 153). His family was part of the Ibo tribe, which was located in the North Ika Ibo region of Essaka. In his earliest years, Olaudah Equiano was trained in the art of war. His daily exercises included shootingRead MoreA Journey Of Freedom By Olaudah Equiano Essay1865 Words   |  8 PagesA Journey to Freedom Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative depicts one man’s journey of being enslaved to finally obtaining his freedom. The autobiography begins with narrator transporting the reader back to his early youth. Equiano provides a very detailed description of his village life in Eboe, Africa. However, Equiano life and freedom is quickly taken from him, as he is snatched and thrust into the chains of slavery. Along Equiano enslavement he experiences religion, theories of the enlightenment

Definition of Evidence Essay - 678 Words

Nuts-and-Bolts of Evidence Week #2. Jacob Atkinson CJAD405 3. What is the role of the prosecutor in handling evidence at trial? The role of the judge? The role of the jury? What is meant by the statement, â€Å"the burden of proof of guilt in a criminal case is on the prosecution throughout the trial†? Prosecutor- The prosecutor must determine what evidence needs to be introduced, but also how that evidence is produced and consider the appropriate time in which to display evidence throughout the trial. Judge- A general rule states that trial judges have the inherent power to admit or exclude evidence at trial. A judge is there to oversee the entire case and ensure that nothing gets out of control. Judges have the†¦show more content†¦In other words, the government has the responsibility of presenting evidence first that will allow the case to continue to be heard. Burden of Persuasion can be defined as the burden of persuading the factfinder of the truth of the evidence produced by one side or the other. This means that the attorney will be able to refer to evidence that is clear while he makes closing arguments to the jury. (Ingram, 47-48) 8. What is the difference between a presumption and an inference? A presumption can be defined as the conclusion or inference drawn from the proven existence of some basic fact or group of facts. An inference is defined as the rational conclusion of the existence of a different fact deduced from facts originally proved. (Ingram, 22-23) 9. What is a stipulation? Distinguish between a stipulation of testimony and a stipulation of fact. Stipulation can be defined as an agreement; a bargain, proviso, or condition; e.g. an agreement between opposing litigants that certain facts are true and are not in dispute Stipulation of testimony varies from stipulations of fact because one can withdraw their testimony with the court permission, this is not the case with stipulation of fact. (Ingram, 186-188) 10. Every person is presumed to be sane. Is this presumption rebuttable orShow MoreRelatedIs Globalization Good for Workers? Definitions and Evidence from Latin America1118 Words   |  5 PagesTherefore, even in the case of countries as Chile that have integrated successfully into the international economy, decent work does not come about automatically and in Latin America has generally yet to appear. Summing up the available evidence on changes in job quality in Latin America during the 1990s, average manufacturing wages have increased in real terms, but other dimensions of job quality have deteriorated. 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The court decided that the evidence that was obtained was legal evidence. The reason they said it was legal evidence was because Olmsted was not made illegally to have that conversation or say those things that incriminated him. The evidence was also deemed as legal evidence because the wiretappingsRead MoreLearning New Vocabulary At Parkview Middle School972 Words   |  4 Pagescollected during the study were included the following: A Likert survey on preconceptions of learning new vocabulary (administered on a Google Forum in the student’s Google classroom using their chromebooks) A VKS pre-test over the seven target words of evidence, conclusion, counterargument, argument, cite, inference and introduction given on paper) one final vocabulary quiz (administered on a Google forum on G oogle classroom using student’s chromebooks) and student reflections on strategies based onRead MoreIs Science Rational? Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagespeople, we come with earlier knowledge and understandings on subjects and topics of study, â€Å"Science† being one of them. We make presumptions, based on either reasonable evidence or that our thoughts and ideas are known as true by others. Through this we have come to understand and define science as its aims, leaving its definition, whether consciously or unconsciously, unchallenged. We have taken advantage of the label that we have set for science, as well as its goals, and failed to look at themRead MorePopulation Health And Its Impact On Nursing Practice1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof nations (Radzyminski, 2007). Although the concept is not new, the term population health has only been recently defined and differentiated from the definitions of community health, public health, and population-focused care. This paper will discuss the current definition of population health, its impact on nursing practice, its relation to evidence-based practice, and the importance of interprofessional collaboration in the delivery of population health care. Population Health Defined To understandRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccinations748 Words   |  3 PagesKnowledge on vaccinations follow known definitions of science, and vaccines are found to be a safe and effective means of protecting people from contracting fatal diseases. The science of vaccinations follows the definitions of science by Ruse and Lakatos, as well as Laudan’s belief that the better-supported science should be considered. In terms of evidence that supports vaccination, Harker has shown that vaccines do not cause autism or weakened immune systems. Additionally, the PBS documentaryRead MoreAnalysis Of Burning Love By Elizabeth Kolbert1390 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategy helps to develop an author’s credibility (Introduction to rhetorical Strategies 1). An example of this can be found in the beginning of the article in paragraph two, she sets up this strategy by using the National Geographic as a part of her evidence to support her first claim. Kolbert says, â€Å"The result has b een what National Geographic has called ‘the great shale gas rush.’ In the past ten months alone, some sixteen hundred new wells have been drilled in Pennsylvania†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kolbert 531). This representsRead MoreAccounts of Miracles and Their Support of Belief in God Essay549 Words   |  3 PagesMiracles and Their Support of Belief in God The definition of a miracle is a violation of the laws of nature, it is an exception that is beyond all naturalistic explanations, meaning they must be explained supernaturally. So do accounts of miracles support the belief in God? Firstly, one must decided whether there is sufficient evidence to prove the existence of miracles, something that people have disagreed about a lot. Read MoreCritical Thinking Essay1163 Words   |  5 Pagesthinking has been defined in great depth over thousands of years yet comparison of many of these definitions show the emphasis alters between what characteristic is deemed most important for each individual. However the definition alters, the same three important principles are always included: scepticism, open-mindedness and objectivity. It is important for each individual to conclude his or her own definition of critical thinking to enable a specific authenticity that equates to an individuals academic

Health Care System of Taiwan and the United States Free Essays

Health Care Systems of Taiwan and the United States Health care is one of the most essential foundations for any citizenship in any country since whether it is effective or not, it definitely affects the standard of living and the life expectancy of a country. According to Johnson and Stoskopf (2009), â€Å"A health system as described by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the sum total of all the organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health,† (p. 3). We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care System of Taiwan and the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, to positively improve a nation, having an effective ealth care system is crucial. Being recognized as one of the powerful countries in the world, the United States has a great shape of health care programs; however, sometimes it is inaccessible to some of the citizens. On the contrary, as a small country, Taiwan is famous for its health care system although there are still defective parts existing in the current system. To compare the differences of health care systems in Taiwan and the United States, we can observe the three major aspects: ownership, cost, and quality. First of all, Taiwan and the United States have different types of ownership in the health care systems. Thus, Taiwan owns a single-payer system, which is run by the government, forcing everyone to Join it and pay. Because of this policy, the coverage of health care is close to 99 percent (Underwood, 2009). In this country, the government-run system covers prevention, primary care, hospitalization, Chinese massage, acupuncture, traditional herbal medicine, mental health care, dental, vision, and long-term care. Unlike Taiwan, the United States possesses several types of ublic and private funding systems: Medicare and Medicaid are the two main public funded plans for Americans. There is also abundance of private insurance companies for people to choose, but they usually have a long list of pre-existing conditions, which restricts many patients since they are unable to receive health care insurance. Although the United States contains public and private programs, nearly 15. 6 percent of Americans had no health insurance in 2003, (Samuel D. , 2010). Secondly, the cost of health care for Taiwanese and Americans is divergent. Thus, Taiwan spends approximately 6 percent of G. D. P. on health care while the United State spends about 16 percent of G. D. P. (Seth B. , 2009, p. 1). Moreover, in Taiwan, people merely have to pay small amount of money set by the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) for each medical service received, and the BNHI will cover the rest of the payment (Taiwan Health Care Reform Foundation, 2010). As a result, no one in Taiwan goes bankrupt due to the medical bill. Unlike Taiwanese, a lot of Americans undergo bankruptcy since they cannot afford their medical bills. Finally, the quality of health care in Taiwan is not the same as that in the United to turn to. Moreover, there is no waiting time for patients which highly enhances the effectiveness of health care. The competition between public and private hospitals improves the quality. Furthermore, every Taiwanese who is under the coverage has a Smart Card: an electronic health record, which is required for patient to bring along when seeing a doctor. The nurses would scan the card and all the medical record of that patient would appear clearly. It is a paperless system that improves treatment nd reduces redundant process of paperwork. Different from Taiwan, the insurance companies in the United States limit the patients in what doctors and hospitals they can go to, and it is necessary to set up an appointment in advance. In conclusion, it should be underscored that the ownership of health care systems plays an important role for a country because it might affect the entire system. The cost determines whether or not the citizens of the country are able to pay for the bills. The overall quality is a critical aspect of health care system since it ight either directly or indirectly influence a patient’s well-being. It is quite difficult for me to conclude which one of the health care systems is more effective due to the fact that Taiwan and the United States are distinctive in many ways, such as population and country size. Nevertheless, there are still several aspects that the United States can learn from Taiwan: for instance, studying other nations’ health care system. Before deciding on a health care system, the experts in Taiwan carried out research on several successful countries’ programs and eventually established its wn in 1995. How to cite Health Care System of Taiwan and the United States, Papers

Perhaps Love Story Review Essay Example

Perhaps Love Story Review Paper Essay on Perhaps Love Story Virgil is similar to the sad mime with a bleached face and funny sailor. He was used to this role so much that even one time enjoyed trips to the psychoanalyst and games in the suffering of the eccentric. But once a certain Clara told him that its over between them, she throws our hero. Clara? Throws it? .. Whos Clara? And this is where the story begins to unfold crank, which is gradually tired of his eccentricity. Even beloved Paris, which until then only belongs to the heart of thirty and still maturing man, this harmony of jazz, poetry and classical lines Paris ceases to please Virgil  «Arriving at seventeen to the station Montparnasse, Virgil decided. that love Paris because there was no one to love. Paris did not give up. Paris was there when he needed it. Paris is not required to Virgil went on holiday on the island paradise, the beach where the muddying of the cream and the sun. Paris did not care that he was a week did not wash the dishes, he is unshaven and badly dressed. Paris loved him.  » We will write a custom essay sample on Perhaps Love Story Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Perhaps Love Story Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Perhaps Love Story Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There was (and disappeared instantly) Clara, and he did not even know her face. And, probably, it, unlike Paris, it was not all the same, what is this eccentric Virgil.  «Suddenly, his love of Paris began to fade Paris seemed to him absurd luxury item with a sonorous and easily pronounceable name .  » And the whole background story not so much in Paris. Favorite Virgil as something wonderful, a gift for Christmas Is a cake with candles birthday. Paris its just music history, fragments of decorations. Mezanstseny same build women an infinite number of character friends, in which he was either in love or not in love, believing such a turn of events inconsistent with his personal history On the first lines, it is clear that Virgil -. It is the author himself, wonderful observer, eccentric, prone to introspection amusing. And the main object of his observation he is a friend. So, apparently, the majority of quotations from the novel that wants to rewrite into notes concern is women. Maybe because this is the case because I myself belong to the female sex, and flatter me like bright Martin Pages remarks.  «She needed to feel the ground under their feet. To survive. And on the basis of an artificial primitive fantasies and myths she held much more confident than in the objective reality. World Geology Armel depended only on her alone.  » Yes, it is true. Our geology -. In our hands In general, Page, damn ironic, but in the framework of lyricism. Well, tell whether the normal character can go to the union, not wanting to settle for a promotion? Or to live according to this principle:  «noticeable human lurk two dangers: the risk to expose themselves under attack and forgetfulness. It is much safer to stay in the shadows of obscurity.  » It is safer, but it better? Seven days after the call Clara (and it has already become bored of her voice) Virgil seems to be asking the same question. But now it has remained his credo:  «Not only did not lose, we must also somehow managed to win. The task is not simple, because both poles are powerful attraction  ». There is something to think about!  « The work attracted him very thought process, and nothing else. He did not want to climb the corporate ladder. He did not see in this lesson, nothing silly or shameful, but no joy for himself could find no  ». Hmm. Definitely something wrong, Virgil! Definitely time to become a man, and not always playing in their own eccentricities provincial child indifferent Paris  «-. You just have not realized, Virgil, but you have to defend themselves against their violent fantasies . Armel was right: Virgil came up with the woman he loved He saw in them something that really was not. Armel was his close friend, as her deep and mysterious soul does not leave room for creativity. He just did not have to complement her image  » But Armel -. Just a friend, but he needs a lover (and responsibility too). So who is this Clara, whose image he can not be supplemented by one voice only?  «Tea cooled. He lacked Clara. He did not have the woman he ovsem not remember. Twenty-four hours, he believed that they had an affair, and honestly tried to remember how they loved each other. Then a week, he pretended to be suffering because of their breakup. And, oddly enough, realizing that neither the novel nor the rupture was not, he was even more attached to her. If playing a broken heart, he really tore it yourself  ». It remains to figure out how to find my stranger. Organize their chance meeting. Well, it is in his power. In the end for the relationship between people, and specifically, for love must take the axiom: all views are misleading, visibility is not really trust, and obey the rules can not be blindly » .

Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay Example

Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay Example Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay Critical Enquiry Reflection Sheet Social Work Essay The minute of larning that has grabbed my attending in this supervising session is that I need to research and place my pattern model when working bi-culturally with tangata whenua and cross-culturally. During my 6th supervising session my supervisor assessed me utilizing the 2nd direct pattern observation associating to my 2nd learning result to show competence when working with immature people cross-culturally . This appraisal led to treatments around my pattern cross-culturally as I have been closely working with immature people and their households who are of a different civilization from my ain. Besides in my pattern at the curative instruction Centre where I am placed two yearss a hebdomad I am the lone pakeha individual at that place. My supervisor stated in the appraisal that Working in the school scene as the lone female and pakeha individual, has enabled her to place the differences in civilization but besides helped her to work cross-culturally with other staff and clients. Family trial has besides helped her to place countries that need more preparation in . When my supervisor asked me to place how I work bi-culturally with tangata whenua and cross-culturally with clients I was unable to joint easy how I pattern in this scene. My response was that in the alternate instruction scene because I am the lone pakeha individual at that place, I work biculturally and cross-culturally: By esteeming the Maori civilization of the Centre Removing my places when I enter I have had to larn the words in order to take part in the forenoon waiata and karakia I eat my tiffin with the immature work forces and the other coachs each twenty-four hours as sharing nutrient together is portion of the Maori civilization Following on from this I have stated that during place visits with clients and their households I respect the different civilizations ; by taking my places and accepting nutrient and drinks from civilizations where the sharing of nutrient is of import. These responses were really obscure and did non give a clear reply as to how I pattern bi-culturally and cross-culturally. I am cognizant that I have been trained at university to pattern from a bi-cultural and multi-cultural position but I have found it difficult to joint how I do this. As my supervisor has noted I have identified through this supervising session that I need to critically reflect on my pattern cross-culturally and place the countries that I need more preparation in order to go a competent bi-cultural and cross-cultural practician. For the benefit of cross-cultural pattern and working with tangata whenua I as a societal worker demand to recognize that: As a professional assistant, one can experience uneasy when challenged by striking difference is the first measure towards self-reflection. This attitude has a better opportunity of taking to echt adjustment of the client than feigning to be politically right. The creative activity of collegial support constructions and the cultivation of a clime of trust and unfastened sharing within the service puting might promote this attitude, to be affectional in cross-cultural pattern ( Tsang A ; George, 1998, p.87 ) . Looking backward The premises and prejudices that are present in this minute of acquisition is my ain cultural consciousness ; In Tatum ( 2000 ) she discuses the construct of individuality and what it means for the person and how the functions of the dominant over the subsidiary can act upon a individuals position of themselves: This looking glass ego is non a level unidimensional contemplation, but multidimensional. How one s individuality is experienced will be mediated by dimensions of one ego: male or female ; immature or old, affluent or hapless, homosexual, sapphic, bisexual, transgender or heterosexual ; able-bodied or with disablements: Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist, Hindu, or atheistaˆÂ ¦ ( Tatum, 2000 ) . The function and the devaluation associated with it will differ in relation to the socio-cultural context that the subsidiary person/s and the dominant groups are portion of ( Wolfensberger, 1972, as cited in ( Wills, 2008b ) . Discourses are systemic ways of speaking, discoursing something of significance. They are the effect of a combination of societal, political even economic factors and frequently have voices of authorization . Discourses are frequently informed by beliefs, thoughts and apprehensions that are inexplicit ; taken for grantedaˆÂ ¦even ideologicalaˆÂ ¦Some signifiers of discourse are legitimated and validated but still one can non be confident, and presume that such discourses have become established as a consequence of well-rationalised, carefully researched, developed and strict argument/debate ( Wills, 2008a ) . Looking inward Looking outward Looking frontward I identify to the households that although I am from a different civilization to them I have been university trained to work cross-culturally and I am happy to come in into treatments around what this means for our societal work relation Question building 300 Literature300 In specifying competency one must besides see the significance of civilization. Basically, civilization is understood to associate to some shared elements which connect people in a common manner of sing and seeing the universe. These perceptual experiences of the universe usher daily life, act upon how determinations are made and by whom, and find what is perceived to be appropriate and inappropriate behaviors within any given context ( Connolly, Crichton-Hill A ; Ward, 2005 p.17, as cited in SWRB, 2007, p.5 ) To work with Maori clients the societal worker must aptly understand what Te Ao Maori means, the same goes with working with other cultural and cultural groups. Using Tsang and George s conceptual model of attitude cognition and skills the SWRB created its competency criterions of pattern. To understand what competent pattern for Maori and other cultural and cultural groups means for societal workers in New Zealand I will be critically discoursing in this essay ; what the ANZASW s criterions of pattern are that inform competency and what it means for societal work pattern in New Zealand, I will place and depict the constitutional elements of Te Ao Maori the Maori universe position, critically examine Tsang and Georges conceptual model and use their model to an facet of Te Ao Maori in a pattern scene. Members of the ANZASW are accountable to the association and expected to stay by their policies and processs, competent societal work pattern being one of them, the following 10 criterions for societal work pattern in Aotearoa New Zealand were set and ratified by the National Executive of NZASW ( now ANZASW ) in June 1990: The societal worker establishes an appropriate and purposeful working relationship with clients taking into history single differences and the cultural and societal context of the client s state of affairs. The societal worker Acts of the Apostless to procure the client s engagement in the whole procedure of the working relationship with them. The societal worker s pattern assists clients to derive control over her/his ain fortunes. The societal worker has knowledge about societal work methods, societal policy, societal services, resources and chances. In working with clients, the societal worker is cognizant of and uses her/his ain personal properties suitably. The societal worker merely works where systems of answerability are in topographic point in regard of his/her bureau, clients and the societal work profession. The societal worker invariably works to do the administration and systems, which are portion of the societal work attempt, antiphonal to the demands of those who use them. The societal worker acts to guarantee the client s entree to the Code of Ethics and objects of the New Zealand Association of Social Workers. The societal worker uses rank of the New Zealand Association of Social Workers to act upon and reenforce competent societal pattern. The societal worker uses rank of the New Zealand Association of Social Workers to act upon and reenforce competent pattern ( NZASW, 1993 ) . To exemplify how these criterions for pattern work in professional societal work pattern I will choose one criterion and demo how two facets of the standard apply. For standard four: the societal worker has knowledge about societal work methods, societal policy and societal services, this criterion can be shown in pattern with how Child, Youth and Family services work within a bicultural model and the Treaty of Waitangi: Child, Youth and Family acknowledges its responsibilities and duties to the tangata whenua as a Crown spouse to New Zealand s initiation papers, the Treaty of Waitangi. We are committed to guaranting that services we deliver and purchase are to the full antiphonal to the demands and aspirations of Maori, and that our actions are consistent with the Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi. Our committedness is reflected in a cardinal consequence country improved results for Maori, the confederations and partnerships we have built and go on to further with iwi and Maori societal services groups and communities, our human resource policies, and in our work programme ( particularly the development and execution of a scheme for bettering results for Maori kids, immature people and their households ) ( CYF, 2008 ) . In relation to the societal policy portion of this criterion the CYF s societal workers are cognizant of the statute laws of Aotearoa New Zealand and how other facets of the jurisprudence: Child, Youth and Family s statutory function is defined by the undermentioned statute law: The Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 The Adoption Act 1955 The Adult Adoption Information Act 1985 The Adoption ( Inter-country ) Act 1997 ( CYF, 2008 ) . Child, Youth and Family services are an first-class illustration of how an bureau has set guidelines and policies around the criterions set out by the SWRB and ANZASW to implement competent pattern by their societal workers. In the following portion of this essay I will place and depict the constitutional elements of Te Ao Maori the Maori universe position. To understand the Maori universe position we must analyze what are the Maori behavior and behavior in societal relationships or korero tawhito are ; so what the Maori societal constructions of whanau, hapu, iwi mean and what the three categories of Maori society are, and what mana and tapu mean for Maori people who are the tangata whenua of Aotearoa. Korero tawhito are they ways in which Maori behave and behavior themselves in societal relationships: Korero tawhito reflected the idea constructs, doctrines, ideals, norms and underlying values of Maori societyaˆÂ ¦ The values represent ideals, which were non needfully accomplishable but something to draw a bead on to ( Ministry of Justice, 2001, p.1 ) . These underlying values of Maori society are the ways in which Maori people socially interact with each other. The following measure in understanding what the Maori universe position is, is to understand Maori societal constructions: The Maori societal construction was based on decent, senior status and the affinity groupings. Maori recognised four family groups: Whanau the basic unit of Maori society into which an person was born and socialised. Hapu the basic political init within Maori society, concerned with ordinary societal and economic personal businesss and doing basic daily determinations. Iwi the largest independent, politico-economic unit in Maori society. An iwi would be identified by its territorial boundaries, which were of great societal, cultural and economic importance ( Ministry of Justice, 2001, p.2 ) . The kin group a individual belongs to impact their universe position because it influences their topographic point within society. The cardinal constructs of mana and tapu are those which govern the model of Maori society: Mana was inherited at birth, and the more senior the descent of a individual, the greater the mana. Tapu constantly accompanied mana. The more esteemed the event, individual or object, the more it was surrounded by the protection of tapu. The complex impressions of mana and tapu reflect the ideals and values of societal control and duty. The analysis of mana enterprises to place the function of mana in relation to duty, leading and birthright. The scrutiny of tapu illustrated how tapu operated and affected the mundane lives of Maori ( Ministry of Justice, 2001, p.6 ) . In analyzing the elements of Te Ao Maori I have examine the different constructs of Maori behavior and behavior korero tawhito, the Maori societal constructions of family and category and what mana and tapu mean. Theory 300 Standard FOR CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE THEORY/MODEL OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Identifies and is based upon beliefs and values of Pacific Islands civilization. Explains jobs and concerns in a mode that is relevant to Pacific Islands apprehension. Uses Pacific Islands assisting traditions and patterns. Incorporates a Pacific Islands understanding to alter the procedure. Can distinguish facets of the behavior which are associated with Pacific Islands cultural forms from those attendant in dominant palagi cultural readings. Avoids cultural pathological stereotyping. Encompass macro and micro degrees of accounts and intercessions. Incorporates the experiences of the community and persons in New Zealand Society. Can steer the choice of appropriate cognition and pattern accomplishments from other civilizations. ( Adapted from Meemeduma, P. ( 1994 ) . Cross cultural societal work: New theoretical accounts for new pattern, Advances in societal work public assistance instruction, Montash University. ) Ethical motives 300 Skills 300 The Social Work Registration Board of Aotearoa New Zealand released in 2007 a policy statement in respect to the competency of registered societal workers to rehearse societal work with Maori and different cultural and cultural groups in New Zealand. The release of this papers was to put the degrees of competence that are needed for societal workers to work efficaciously in a positive manner to authorise those who are disadvantaged by society.A As Mason Durie remarks, cultural competency about the geting of accomplishments to accomplish a better apprehension of members of other civilizations ( SWRB, 2007, p.5 ) . To be competent when working with other civilizations one must understand the differences and similarities between other civilizations and cognize what is culturally appropriate and inappropriate ; the societal worker needs to esteem the client s civilization and usage resorts available to them to efficaciously work with the client to accomplish the best possible result Bicultural codification of Ethical motives In the following portion of this essay I will critically analyze Tsang and George s ( 1998 ) Integrated Conceptual Framework for Cross-cultural Practice of attitude, cognition and accomplishments. I will make this by depicting the three elements and analyzing these elements by measuring their significance and importance in societal work pattern with mana whenua. To understand what the significance and importance of Tsang and George s conceptual model in relation to mana whenua we must foremost analyze what mana whenua are: Mana whenua ( noun ) : territorial rights, power from the land power associated with ownership and business of tribal land. The folk s history and fables are based in the lands they have occupied over coevalss and the land provides the nutriment for the people and to supply cordial reception for invitees ( Maori Dictionary, 2008 ) . Now we know what mana whenua means the following apart is to depict the three elements of the model: Attitude Commitment to justness and equity Valuing difference Other-directed: Openness to cultural difference Self directed: Critical self-reflection Knowledge Specific cultural content Systemic context of civilization Socialization and internalized civilization Dynamicss of cross-cultural communicating and apprehension Skills Management of ain emotional response Professional intercession within institutional contexts Communication, battle, and relationship accomplishments Specific alteration schemes ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.84 ) . The construct of attitude relates to the societal worker s ain behavior and their usage of ego as a tool when working with clients, the construct of cognition relates to the cognition theories behind cross-cultural pattern and cognition learnt from a practicians ain experiences. The construct of accomplishments relates to the practical facet of working with clients. To utilize the component of attitude when working with mana whenua, one needs to be cognizant of their ain restrictions, deficiency of cognition and apprehension of other civilizations: This consciousness has both autonomous and other-directed deductions. The other-directed look of this consciousness is an openness to cultural difference and a preparedness to larn organize a client. Such openness is based on recognition and positive respect for the cultural differences that exist between the client and the practician, regard for client civilizations, and preparedness to suit alternate universe positions or ways of life. The autonomous look of this consciousness is a preparedness to prosecute in self-reflection, including the scrutiny of possible cultural prejudices, premises, values, and one s emotional experience and comfort degree when challenged with difference ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.84 ) . For a societal worker to be cognizant of their ain restrictions and deficiency of cognition is the first measure in set uping a working relationship with mana whenua, their ain ability to admit the differences and similarities between their ain civilization and their client s civilization is a immense constituent of their attitude when working with their clients. Supervision is needed in this context for the societal worker to be able to discourse with others their ain contemplations and feelings associated when working cross-culturally, for personal and professional growing. Knowledge is the following component in which the cross-cultural pattern model discusses the four elements of cognition: We can place four countries of cross-cultural cognition. First is the cognition of specific cultural content as captured by the cultural literacy theoretical account. In understanding with Dyche and Zayas ( 1995 ) , it is likely non realistic to anticipate cros0cultural practicians to be knowing in a big figure of cultural systems. It may be more practical for practicians to concentrate on the other three sorts of cognition: the systemic context of civilization, socialization and internalized civilization, and the kineticss of cross-cultural communicating and apprehension. Consistent with an ecological position adopted by many societal workers, cross-cultural clinical pattern is understood within the broader systemic context of current structural inequalities, racial political relations, histories of colonisation, bondage, and other signifiers of racial subjugation ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.85 ) . For a worker to work efficaciously cross-culturally they must understand and hold cognition of other civilizations, historically, ethnically, their value and belief systems, their imposts and daily life. To hold a comprehensive apprehension of a client s entire life and life experience a practician must hold an grasp of the effects of their socio-political systems. In this context in New Zealand it would be effectual for societal workers working with mana whenua to hold cognition of the Treaty of Waitangi and what it means for Maori people and the political facets that go with it. The concluding component of Skills in Tsang and George s theoretical account related to the specific skills a societal worker demands when working biculturally with the mana whenua and cross-culturally: Social work accomplishments are specific classs of action taken by practician to accomplish positive alterations needed by their clients aˆÂ ¦ Appropriate attitude and cognition in cross-cultural pattern, hence, must be translated into specific professional behavior which addresses practician, client, institutional and contextual worlds. A assortment of accomplishments have been recommended by writers in cross-cultural pattern, covering professional behavior within institutional contexts ; communicating accomplishments, specific questioning accomplishments such as ethnographic interview, relationship-building accomplishments, and alteration schemes ( Tsang and George, 1998, p.85-86 ) . Practice accomplishments can non be effectual without the societal worker holding a sound apprehension of cognition and the appropriate attitude when working with mana whenua. Skills are the practical constituent on Tsang and George s theoretical account, and when working with mana whenua the practician must utilize the appropriate accomplishments from their cognition base for their work to be effectual. Their interactions with their clients are an of import portion of their function as a societal worker. Mana whenua need societal workers with the specializer cross-cultural accomplishments. In this portion of the essay I have examined Tsang and George s theoretical account of attitude, cognition and accomplishments by depicting the three elements and analyzing the elements by measuring their significance and importance in societal work pattern with mana whenua and other civilizations. Evidence 300

ACT Score to GPA Conversion Table

ACT Score to GPA Conversion Table SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you interested in converting your GPA to ACT scores or vice versa? This can be useful if you're trying to estimate your ACT score based on your current grades. In this guide, we've pored over the statistics to give you the informationneededto convert between GPA and ACT scores! However, before we get started, let's briefly go over a few caveats. Converting GPA toACTScores? Beware of Caveats! Before you look at the table below, it's important to remember that a person's ACT scores and their GPA show completely different things. An ACT score is based on a single test taken in one sitting while a GPA is based on years of schoolwork in numerous classes. Because of this, the two numbers aren't perfectly comparable. Having a perfect GPA doesn't automatically mean you'll get a perfect 36 on the ACT, and having a low GPA doesn't mean you're doomed to perform poorly on the ACT either. Think of it this way: if a runner gets first place in the 100-meter dash, that doesn't automatically mean they'd get first place in a marathon as well! However, you can roughly estimate one data point from the other by comparing how "good" each of them is. This is similar to saying that the fastest sprinter in the 100-meter dash converts to the fastest runner in a marathon if you were comparing the two races. The data we used matches ACT scores to GPA based on how good each of them is, and, more specifically, the percentiles of students earning each. ConversionBetween ACT Scores and GPA ACT Composite Score GPA (4.0 Scale) 36 4.00 35 4.00 34 3.99 33 3.99 32 3.99 31 3.98 30 3.98 29 3.97 28 3.95 27 3.93 26 3.89 25 3.84 24 3.76 23 3.67 22 3.54 21 3.39 20 3.23 19 3.05 18 2.85 17 2.64 16 2.37 15 2.05 14 1.65 13 0.81 12 0.00 0.00 10 0.00 9 0.00 8 0.00 7 0.00 6 0.00 5 0.00 4 0.00 3 0.00 2 0.00 1 0.00 Methodology: How did we developthis conversion? First, we usedofficial data from the ACTto findprecisepercentiles down to the exact person. After that, we took the grade percentile data found in the above study to calculate class grade percentiles. Next, we presumed that, in order to get a particular GPA, a student with a median class grade of K (out of 100) could score uniformly six points either higher or lower. This allowed us to map percentiles to GPA and create the above table.Our methodologyfor mapping student class grades to GPA is proprietary. (C) 2016 PrepScholar Inc. Did you know that increasingyour ACTscore by 4points can significantlyboostyour chances of getting into your topschools?We've written a guide onthe top five strategies you shouldbe using in order to raiseyour ACT score. Download the guide for free now: What’s Next? Are you prepping for the SAT or going to be starting soon? Learnways to practice that can get you a perfect score on the exam! Is there a particular section of the SAT that's giving you trouble? Check out our section specific guides for SAT Math, Reading, and Writing and Language. Wondering what to expect on SAT test day? We've got all the information you'll need to be prepared!